Reproduction in domestic animals, as a major source of food and other products for human, as great importance and study of related subjects including sex differentiation and gonadogenesis during fetal life can solve many questions on normal development and various disorders of urogenital system. Since studies on sex differentiation in GOAT FETUS are scarce, this study was performed. Twenty-five GOAT FETUSes with 5–40 mm crown-rump lengths (CRL) were obtained from slaughter-house and fixed in 10% formalin solution immediately. The development and features of external genitalia of these FETUSes as well as their sex differentiation were then examined. In externally indifferentiated FETUSes, the cranial half of the body was cut away at the diaphragmatic level and serial sections, 6-micron thickwere prepared and the ovarian and testicular differentiation was studied. Results showed that considering the development of the external genitalia, external sex differentiation occurs at 31 mm CRL in male FETUSes and at 33 mm CRL in female FETUSes. Microscopic studies suggested that testicular tissue differentiation occurs at 23 mm CRL with formation of tunica albuginea and medullary cords. Ovarian tissue differentiation occurs at 38 mm CRL with establishment of cortical and medullary regions.  

In this study, FETUS samples of 200 pregnant GOAT which slaughtered in Tabriz  slaughterhouse were collected in autumn. Sampling was randomly. Age of collected FETUSes calculated by Gull and et al formula X=2.74 Y+30.15.After opening the abdominal hole of different age FETUSes location of testis in abdomen and time of its descending to scrotum have been investigated. Macroscopic studies showed that first migration of testis is coincident with mesonephrous degeneration in 45 day FETUSes. In day 59, whole of mesonephrous is assimilated and changed to epididymis. In this age gubernaculums tissue is inflated and expanded. In day 89, testis is seen in middle of inguinal canal and till day 106 of pregnancy, testis has descended 1/3 of inguinal canal to scrotum. In day 153 (birthday) the complete descending of testicle to scrotum is done. On the basis of studies we can conclude that testis location in GOAT is like Ox, sheep, horse and human happens in birth time and testis descending to scrotum follows degeneration of gubernaculums.

The aim of this study was to investigate the differentiation of nephron and other structures of metanephric kidney in GOAT FETUSes. The study was descriptive which was conducted in 2013 at the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. The approximate age of the embryos was determined based on the formula presented by Gal et al (1994) in order to estimate the age of the GOAT FETUS. Taking into account the age of the FETUS, they were divided into 4 groups of 25 FETUSes in each. The first, second, third, and fourth groups were on 38-60, 61-90, 91-120, and 121-150 days of pregnancy, respectively. The kidneys of the FETUS were isolated following autopsy of the baby's abdominal cavity in order to examine the metanephros tissue differentiation. Isolated samples were placed in 10% buffered formalin solution. They were examined under the optical microscope after the preparing of tissue sections. Data analysis among the groups was conducted using ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests as well as SPSS 10 software. According to the results there was a significant difference between the four groups since 30-days old until birth in terms of the mean length (p <0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in the mean fetal weight. A significant difference was also observed in the mean of the quantitative parameter such as length, width, thickness and weight of the right and left metanephric kidneys of GOAT embryos among groups in different ages (p<0.05), but the difference was not significant between the right and left kidneys. The glomerular emergence and growth pattern from the nephrogenic vesicular stage to final glomerule is similar to the human embryo. A glomerule should run its evolution and the process was made from the surface to the metanephric level.

The aim of this study is determination pattern of development of testis structure in GOAT FETUS. The samples in this study included the pregnant slaughtered GOATs in industrial slaughtered house in autumn season and unit of sampling was including 100 separated FETUSes from uterus of pregnant mothers. The method of sampling was accidental .The age of collected FETUSes were calculated according to Gall et al. (1994) as X=2.74 Y+30.15. After dissection of FETUSes from different ages, the testis samples for histological study and performing histotechnique procedures were put in 10% buffered formalin and stained by methods of H&E, periodic shift acid and Masson, s trichrome and studied under light microscope . Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test and SPSS software. The results of microscopic studies, Showed that gonads in 35 days of pregnancy were as a mass connected to mesonephrosis. Primary sign of differentiation of testis in 35 days of pregnancy was observed that it was built of white membrane and in 42.5 days of pregnancy primary genital cords were formed. In 50 days of pregnantcy, we observed myoid cells that surround the genital cords and a few days after that leydig cells in internal space of testis observed. Genital cords until to birth surrounded with sertoli cells and gonocytes were in the center of cords so that it seems as solid tubule until birth. According to the results it was obtained that the time of differentiation of testis ruminants is different. The amount of biometry increased with growth of FETUS gradually. So a significant difference between the age ol groups was observed (p<0.05).

FETUS in FETUS (FIF) denotes a rare congenital tumor containing a vertebrate FETUS incorporated within its twin. The most common area for this tumor is retroperitoneum, but it has also been reported in intracranial fosssae, oropharynx, mediastinum, lung, pelvis, and adrenal gland. Retroperitoneal tumor in children comprises a list of differential diagnoses including hydronephrisis, neuroblastoma, Wilms’ tumor, teratoma, and extragonadal germ cell tumors that should be kept in mind. The main method to differentiate FIF from other tumors, especially mature teratoma, is imaging and to confirm the presence of vertebral column which is in favor of FIF. Due to the probability of malignant transformation, surgery is always indicated and is curative but conservative management with serial follow-upimaging has been carried out too. Recent review of the literature demonstrates that less than 100 cases have been reported so far. The most common site of FIF is retroperitoneal region but it has been reported in several other parts such as brain, mediastinum, lung and liver. Appropriate treatment is complete surgical excision because of its malignancy potential. Here, we report another rare case of FIF and review the literature.

The aim of this study is determination pattern of development growth testis structure in the primary phase of evolution. The study was based on the descriptive observation and sampling unit of this study contained 60 male FETUSes separated from pregnant GOATs in industrial slaughterhouse. The sampling was done randomly. The collected FETUS age was calculated according to this formula: X=2.74 Y+30.15. The speciments were put in 10% buffered formalin for fixing and preserving for microscopic observation, all speciments after histotechnique procedures stained by the method of H& E, PAS and Masson's trichrome studied under light microscope. In microscopic observation, the gonads were cell mass which were seen related to back surface by mesonephrosis. The gonads were surrounded by a row of cuboidal cells. The gonad parenchyma tissue consisted of the gonocytes and coelomic epithelial cells. In continuing FETUS development growth, the primitive seminiferous cords are built by supporting cells. These cells change to sertoli cells by differentiation and the gonocyte cells remain in the seminiferous cords.The testis capsule is formed by connective tissue and among the interstitial spaces we observed appearing of leydig cells. Also, on the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords appear myoid cells. In this fetal phase, in the testis tissue the macrophage cells were not observed. We could obtain this result that the main structure of the testis tissue is derived from mesonephrosis, and the differentiation of testis structure in the primitive fetal phase occur in the solid seminiferous cords frame which among the empty spaces of these cords one could observe only the gonocyte cells.At the half of the second month of gestation the testis tissue consists of Gonocyte, sertoli cell, leydig cell and myoid cell.

Harlequin Ichthyosis (HI) describes a severe erythrodermic ichthyosis and causes a distinctive and grotesque appearance at birth. Survival is now possible; therefore, harlequin ichthyosis is a more appropriate term than harlequin FETUS. Incidence is 1 in 300,000 births. An autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is seen in this disorder, but a new autosomal dominant mutation may possibly be responsible. The prognosis is ominous and most of the affected neonates die in the first hours or days of life. In this case report we present two cases of HI who were the first and the second baby of a family and their parents were cousins.

Introduction: In most mammals, each hair follicle is a mammalian skin organ that produces hair and controls the hair growth cycle. The hair follicle is central to most economically important fiber growth in livestock. Previous studies have shown that changes in the level of genes expression play a role in the development and growth of hair follicles. With the advent of high throughput, next-generation sequencing technology measuring the level of expression of thousands of genes was possible simultaneously. As a result, many regulatory conflicts between genes can be extracted from these data. Expression profiles are generated by combining expression levels resulting from experiments in various conditions or times. Similarities and differences between expression profiles reveal many of these regulatory relationships. Despite recent advances in the identification of the molecular signaling/co-expression networks that govern the development of the skin and hair follicle, the mechanisms controlling of fiber production in Cashmere GOAT still remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the most important molecules controlling the growth and development of hair follicles in cashmere GOATs in order to decode the genes involved in the growth and development of hair follicles in cashmere GOATs. Materials and Methods: Publicly available preprocessed transcript data (accession no. SRP059481) was downloaded from the NCBI database in the SRA section. In this investigation, nine GOATs were selected at the same stage of gestation. Three FETUSes were obtained at 55-65 days’ gestation (60-days old) and three FETUSes were obtained at 105-125 days’ gestation (120 – day-old) through cesarean operation and three FETUSes were also sacrificed within two hours of birth (newborn). For analysis of RNA-seq data, a random sampling from the right mid-side of the fetal skin and each time point had three replicates. The 60 days (E60) of gestation represented the initiation stage of growth, and the 120 d (E120) represented the development stage, as well as the newborn samples, represented the primary hair follicle maturation stage. The FastQC software (Version 11. 7) was used to check the quality of the readings. This software check the quality of the reads, in case of low-quality sequencing, the data were edited by Trimmomatic software (Version 0. 39), and filtered reads were evaluated with FastQC software, After removing low-quality reads mapping was performed on the GOAT reference genome (GCA_001704415. 1) downloaded from the ensemble site using the Hisat2 software(Version 2. 1. 0). The HTSeq2 (Version 10. 0) was used to create the count matrix, changes in the expression of genes between the groups (E60, E120, and newborns) was identified using the software Deseq2 (Version 1. 24). In this stage, the genes between the two groups were compared to give an expression difference 1-Genes that are expressed throughout the growth process of the follicle 2. Co-Expression networks of up and down genes were created using the STRING database (Version 11) at https: //string-db. org. The PPI network was constructed by Cytoscape software (Version 3. 6. 0). Cytoscape is commonly used for analysis and visualization of biological networks. Gene ontology analysis of effective gene related to development stage of hair follicle in Cashmere GOAT from fetal to birth was done using DAVID database. Results and Discussion: After determining the level of expression of each gene at different stages of sampling, genes that increased expression in all comparisons were considered as up-regulated genes that, by increasing their expression, control the growth and development of hair follicle. On the other hand, those genes that have been shown to reduce expression in all of the follicle growth stages comparisons were considered as genes which by decreasing their expression, causes the growth and development of the hair follicle. The interaction relations were investigated between the increased and reduced genes expressed separately by STRING database. Among the up-regulated genes, the relationships between 145 genes with 203 edge were confirmed. Also, the interaction network between the down-regulated genes confirmed between 650 genes with 1302 edge. Among the genes with differential expression, the co-expression genes (genes with the most interacting) were identified based on the results of the analysis of the statistical parameters of the network using computational algorithms in Cytoscape software. These results led to the identification of seven unique genes that were SHH, KLF4, MMP9, MSX1, KRT17, COL2A1 and VEGFA, ontology analysis of these genes showed that involved the hair cycle process, hair follicle development, skin epidermis development, epidermis morphogenesis and epidermal cell differentiation that these pathways are activated in the cashmere production process. Therefore, these genes have been used as regulators of cashmere growth and development to better understand the cashmere production process and improve its quality. Conclusion: The results have been able to introduce genes with major effects that regulate the expression of genes and molecular signals associated with the production of fiber that including KLF4, MMP9, MSX1, KRT17, COL2A1 and VEGFA in Cashmere GOATs. Based on functional analysis, these genes can play a significant role in the improvement of cashmere GOATs breeding. We hope that the obtained results would be beneficial toward finding the smart strategies for Cashmere production improvement.

Developmental study of ovary which is one of the important female genital organ can answer to many' questions about congenital malformations and infertility. This study is performed since there is not considerable information about morphometric and macroscopic development of GOAT ovary. This study was accomplished on 80 GOAT FETUSes with CRL=40- 470 mm. After weighing and age estimation of FETUSes, they were divided in 4 groups of 20 FETUSes: group 1 (40-110 cm, age estimation 1-2 months), group 2 (CRL=111-220cm, age estimation=2-3 months), group 3 (CRL=221-330 cm, age estimation=3-4 months), group.4 (CRL=330 cm and more, age estimation= 4-5 months). After incision of the abdominal wall of FETUSes, the left and right ovaries were removed and fixed in 10% formalin buffer solution. The macroscopic and morpometric studies including measurements of length, thickness, diameter, weight and shapes of ovaries were performed. The results showed that all ovarian dimensions increased toward the full term. There was no significant difference between morphometric dimensions of left and right ovaries based on statistical tests (P<0.05). Moreover, the general shape of ovary was changed gradually from spherical to spherica1- elliptical, and finally to elliptical.

The increasing processes of body and heart weight, the index changes of heart to body weight ratio and of heart walls thickness (ventricular and inter ventricular) were studied on 160 GOAT FETUSes (2groups male and female) from 7 to 22 week ages (at the first to the end of fetal period). Data analysis in SPSS and by ANOV A showed that the influence of age in all of 6 studied parameters was signified (p<0.01).conclusion: The increasing process of heart weight is followed by ageing and by Body weight. The index of heart to body weight ratio decreases while the body weight increases. The Average of maximum thickness of left ventricle wall is more than, interventricular (septum) and of this is more than of right, frequently. The increasing processes of thickness for left ventricle and septum are similar, while the right has an independence model.